METHODS OF INSTRUMENTAL TREATMENT OF ROOT CANALS IN VETERINARY DENTISTRY

DOI 10.31588/2413_4201_1883_3_267_74 УДК 616.314.163-08

Abstract

This article systematizes modern methods of root canal treatment in small animal veterinary dentistry. Two fundamental techniques are discussed – Step Back (apical-coronal expansion) and Crown Down (coronal-apical preparation), as well as their modifications and combinations: Step Down, Double Flare and the balanced force technique. Protocols using rotary nickel-titanium systems such as ProFile, ProTaper and GT are described in detail, as well as hybrid approaches combining hand-held steel instruments and power files. Based on an analysis and summary of literature, algorithms for instrument selection are presented based on the anatomical features of the canal (length, curvature, cross-sectional shape and initial diameter), allowing for individualized endodontic treatment. Special attention is paid to the combined use of files of different systems in a single canal, which ensures complete treatment along the entire length and area, including hard-to-reach apical areas. Practical recommendations are provided for the sequence of preparation, irrigation and recapitulation steps, aimed at minimizing the risk of iatrogenic complications (steps, perforations, instrument fractures). Optimal combinations of instrument systems for different groups of teeth (anterior teeth, maxillary and mandibular molars) are separately considered, taking into account their root anatomy. It is shown that traditional and modern technologies do not compete, but rather complement each other, allowing for high-quality cleaning and shaping of the canal without disturbing its original shape. The results of this study can be used in the clinical practice of veterinarians performing endodontic treatment of small animals, to inform the selection of an instrumental protocol in each specific clinical situation.